Master the IELTS General Training Reading test with clear strategies, question types, sample texts, and practice activities. Ideal for immigration and general learners.
The IELTS General Training Reading test assesses your ability to read and understand materials you are likely to encounter in daily English-speaking environments — such as advertisements, notices, letters, and workplace documents. Unlike the Academic version, GT focuses more on functional English.
The IELTS General Training Reading test lasts 60 minutes and consists of 3 sections with a total of 40 questions. The texts are taken from real-life materials and become increasingly complex.
Section 1: Social Survival Texts
Short, factual texts found in everyday life — advertisements, timetables, notices, etc.
Purpose: To test your ability to locate specific information.
Section 2: Workplace Survival Texts
Texts related to job descriptions, contracts, company procedures, or workplace training manuals.
Purpose: To assess your understanding of practical workplace documents.
Section 3: General Interest Text
One longer and more challenging passage from a magazine, article, or opinion piece.
Purpose: To evaluate your ability to comprehend detailed information, opinions, and arguments.
You will encounter a variety of question types across these sections, designed to test:
Reading for gist
Reading for detail
Understanding logical argument
Recognising writers’ opinions, attitudes, and purpose
Each passage includes a variety of question types. Learn how to handle them:
Multiple Choice
Matching Information
Matching Headings
Matching Features
True / False / Not Given
Short-Answer Questions
Sentence Completion
Note / Table / Flowchart Completion
Identifying Writer’s Views (Y/N/NG)
Practice reading notices, job ads, workplace guides, company emails, and manuals.
Improve scanning and skimming skills.
Focus on identifying keywords and synonyms.
Practice answering under strict timing.
🧠 Tip: GT Reading uses more paraphrasing than exact words. Learn to spot meaning, not just vocabulary.
🧾 Section 1: Everyday Texts
Texts: Advertisements, timetables, public notices
Focus: Understanding short texts and finding specific information quickly.
📌 Example: “Find a gym offering a free trial during weekday evenings.”
📂 Section 2: Workplace Texts
Texts: Company policies, job instructions, manuals
Focus: Reading for general meaning and specific details in workplace contexts.
📌 Example: “Understand the procedure for requesting annual leave.”
📖 Section 3: Longer Text
Texts: Articles, opinion pieces, features
Focus: Understanding the writer’s views, arguments, and detailed meaning.
📌 Example: “An article on healthy workplace culture.”
🔍Question Type 1: Matching Information
🎯How to approach it
In this question type, you are given a list of statements and must match each one to a paragraph in the reading passage (e.g., A, B, C, etc.). Each paragraph may contain one or more pieces of information.
What is being tested?
Your ability to scan for specific ideas
Recognise paraphrased wording
Understand the organization of a text
Does it follow the order of the passage?
❌ No. These questions do not follow the order of the paragraphs — answers can appear anywhere.
Read all the statements first
Understand what kind of information you’re looking for.
Skim the passage quickly
Get a general sense of each paragraph’s main idea.
Scan for keywords or synonyms
Pay attention to paraphrased expressions in the text that match the ideas in the statements.
Don’t match based on one word
Match based on meaning, not identical vocabulary.
Double-check each match
Eliminate options that are clearly incorrect, and never select the same paragraph more than once unless instructed.
📚 Realistic examples
🧾 Passage Excerpt (from a job fair brochure):
Paragraph B
Companies will be offering on-the-spot interviews, especially for those applying for part-time customer service positions. Attendees are advised to bring printed copies of their resumes. Special sessions on resume-building and interview techniques will run hourly.
📝 Statement:
1. Advice about what to bring to the event
✔️ Correct Match: Paragraph B
Why? The phrase “Attendees are advised to bring printed copies of their resumes” directly matches the statement, even though the wording is not identical.
✍️ Mini exercises
Read the paragraph below and match the statement to the correct paragraph.
🧾 Paragraph C
Some companies at the event are hiring immediately. Others are accepting applications for future openings. Visitors should stop by the main desk for a full list of participating employers and positions.
Which statement fits this paragraph?
A. Information about long-term job opportunities
B. Where to find a list of companies at the event
C. Details about part-time shifts being offered
Answer:
✅ B — “Visitors should stop by the main desk for a full list…” matches directly with statement B.
Question Type 2: Matching Headings
🎯How to approach it
This task tests your ability to:
Identify the main idea or theme of a paragraph or section.
Differentiate main ideas from supporting details.
Summarise complex information in a few words.
You are given a list of headings (e.g., i–x) and must match them to the correct paragraphs (A–F). There are often more headings than paragraphs.
✅ Yes – Paragraphs appear in order, and you move through the passage from top to bottom.
Read all the headings carefully first
Understand what each heading is about. Watch for differences in tone, scope, and focus.
Skim the paragraph, not in detail
Focus only on the first sentence, last sentence, and any repeated key words — these often contain the main idea.
Find the 'big picture'
Ask: What is this paragraph mainly about?
Don't get distracted by examples or data.
Look for contrasts between headings
Many headings will look similar. Pay attention to the key difference (e.g., cause vs. solution, benefit vs. challenge).
Eliminate headings as you go
This saves time and reduces confusion with similar-looking options.
📚 Realistic examples
🧾 Paragraph B (from a text about workplace safety):
Many employers are introducing health awareness programs in the office. These include mental health check-ins, flexible hours, and stress-reduction workshops. Some firms even offer on-site counselling. The goal is to support employees before small issues grow into major problems.
🧾 List of Headings:
i. Preventing injuries in the workplace
ii. Supporting employee well-being
iii. Offering higher salaries to reduce stress
iv. Reducing staff training costs
✅ Correct Heading: ii. Supporting employee well-being
Why? The paragraph's main focus is on improving employee health and reducing stress — not physical safety or money.
✍️ Mini exercises
Read the paragraph below and choose the most appropriate heading.
🧾 Paragraph C:
Some employees have complained that wellness programs are too generic. They argue that every department has different stressors and time demands, and a one-size-fits-all model doesn’t help. Customisation, they say, is the missing element.
🧾 Headings:
i. Workplace programs that need to be adapted
ii. How stress affects team performance
iii. Employee participation in company events
iv. Free wellness services offered to staff
📝 Your Answer?
✅ Correct: i. Workplace programs that need to be adapted
Why? The paragraph critiques wellness programs for being “too generic,” which clearly supports the idea that they should be adapted.
Question Type 3: Multiple Choice
🎯How to approach it
This question type assesses your ability to:
Understand specific details, opinions, or main ideas in a passage.
Differentiate between similar options.
Follow the logic of a writer’s argument or point of view.
You’ll be asked to:
Choose one correct answer from four options (A–D), or
In some cases, select two correct answers from five options.
✅ Yes.
The questions appear in the same order as the information in the passage, making it easier to scan and locate details as you go.
Read the question stem first
Focus on what the question is asking — detail, attitude, main idea, etc.
Underline keywords in the question and options
This helps when scanning the passage for related information.
Skim the passage around the location of the answer
Read 1–2 sentences before and after the keyword location.
Eliminate incorrect options
Wrong options often contain small factual errors, opposite meanings, or irrelevant ideas.
Beware of distractors
Some options may include correct words but wrong ideas. Match meaning, not just vocabulary.
📚 Realistic examples
Passage (excerpt):
People are often more influenced by stories than statistics. Even when hard data is available, many individuals rely on anecdotes or emotional appeals when forming opinions. Experts say this is due to how the human brain processes narrative information more easily than abstract facts.
Question:
According to the passage, people are more likely to:
A. distrust both stories and statistics
B. prefer statistics over emotional content
C. respond more strongly to storytelling
D. ignore information presented without visuals
✅ Correct Answer: C. respond more strongly to storytelling
Explanation: The passage clearly explains that people are more influenced by stories than by statistics.
✍️ Mini exercises
Read the passage and answer the multiple-choice question.
🧾 Passage:
Although community gardens are increasing in popularity, not all neighborhoods have embraced them. Some residents argue that these spaces attract pests or are poorly maintained. Others support them, saying they foster connection and improve access to fresh produce.
Question:
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A. Community gardens can lead to property damage.
B. Not everyone agrees on the value of community gardens.
C. Gardeners often ignore local regulations.
D. Community gardens improve access to supermarkets.
📝 Your Answer?
✅ Correct: B. Not everyone agrees on the value of community gardens
Explanation: The paragraph presents both negative and positive opinions — the key theme is disagreement or differing perspectives.
Question Type 4: Sentence Completion
🎯How to approach it
This task checks your ability to:
Locate specific factual information from the passage
Understand details, definitions, or descriptions
Accurately paraphrase words and match grammatical structures
You’ll complete unfinished sentences using words taken directly from the passage (NO synonyms allowed), respecting a word limit such as:
“NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER”
✅ Yes – The questions follow the order of the information in the passage, making it easier to find the correct section for each sentence.
Read the Instructions Carefully
Check the word limit! If the instruction says “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS,” writing three words will make your answer incorrect.
Skim the Sentences First
Get a general idea of what kind of word (noun, verb, number) is missing.
Identify Keywords and Paraphrases
Focus on nouns, numbers, or unique terms in the sentence.
Scan the Passage
Find the section with matching meaning (not necessarily exact wording).
Copy Exactly
The words must come as they appear in the text. Spelling errors = wrong answers.
📚 Realistic examples
Instructions: Complete the sentence below.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
Passage (excerpt):
Many city dwellers find that gardening improves mental health. It provides not only physical activity but also reduces stress and encourages mindfulness.
Question:
Gardening can reduce stress and promote _______.
✅ Answer: mindfulness
Explanation: The sentence matches the passage exactly. "Promote" and "encourage" are similar in meaning.
✍️ Mini exercises
Instructions: Complete the sentences below.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
🧾 Passage:
The local museum offers guided tours every hour on weekends. Each tour lasts about 50 minutes and highlights the museum’s most popular exhibits. Tickets can be purchased online or at the door.
Questions:
Weekend tours are available every __________.
Each tour takes around __________ minutes.
Tickets are available at the door or __________.
📝 Your Answers?
✅ Correct Answers:
hour
50
online
Question Type 5: True/False/Not Given (or Yes/No/Not Given)
🎯How to approach it
This task checks your ability to:
Identify whether specific information or claims are:
Explicitly stated
Contradicted
Absent in the passage
You’ll encounter two variations:
True/False/Not Given → Used for factual information
Yes/No/Not Given → Used for opinions or claims
✅ Yes. The questions follow the order of the passage, helping you locate information efficiently.
TRUE - The statement matches the information in the passage exactly.
FALSE - The statement directly contradicts what the passage says.
NOT GIVEN - The passage does not say if the statement is true or false.
YES - The statement agrees with the author’s opinion or claim.
NO - The statement disagrees with the author’s opinion or claim.
NOT GIVEN -The author’s opinion is not mentioned or not clear in the passage.
Don’t answer based on your own knowledge — only what the passage says.
Watch for strong qualifiers: words like always, never, only, all are often signs of FALSE.
NOT GIVEN ≠ FALSE — only choose FALSE if the passage directly disagrees.
YES/NO vs. TRUE/FALSE: The format depends on whether the source is factual (TF) or opinion-based (Y/N).
📚 Realistic examples
Passage (excerpt):
The Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889 and stands approximately 300 meters tall. It remained the world’s tallest man-made structure until 1930.
Instructions: Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?
Write TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN.
The Eiffel Tower was the world’s tallest structure in 1935.
The Eiffel Tower was completed at the end of the 19th century.
The Eiffel Tower was built in under 3 years.
✅ Answers:
FALSE (It lost the title in 1930)
TRUE (1889 is at the end of the 19th century)
NOT GIVEN (Construction time isn’t mentioned)
✍️ Mini exercises
Passage (excerpt):
Dr. Kate Millar believes that students should be taught ethics alongside science. In her view, this helps them make more informed decisions. She has criticized universities for not emphasizing ethical discussions.
Instructions: Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer?
Write YES, NO, or NOT GIVEN.
Dr. Millar thinks ethics are essential in science education.
She believes universities offer sufficient ethics training.
She claims students should be graded on their ethical reasoning.
✅ Answers:
YES
NO
NOT GIVEN
Question Type 6: Matching Features
🎯How to approach it
This type assesses your ability to:
Identify specific details or characteristics linked to different people, places, times, or things.
Distinguish similar but subtly different ideas.
Match statements or descriptions to the correct subject (e.g., person, group, event, product).
You may see instructions like:
Match the statements (Questions 15–20) with the people below.
You may use any letter more than once.
Then the options could be:
A. Mr. Jackson
B. Ms. Lee
C. Dr. Ahmed
D. Professor Clark
🚫 No. The statements do NOT follow the order of the passage. This means you must scan the whole text to locate matching features.
Scan the list of features (A–D) before reading. Highlight key differences.
Skim the passage to find where each subject/person/item is discussed.
Underline keywords in each statement and look for paraphrased versions in the text.
Eliminate incorrect options using evidence — not assumptions.
Be careful with options that can be used more than once.
📚 Realistic examples
Passage Excerpt:
Four employees at Greenway Ltd. were asked about their job satisfaction.
Sonia appreciates the flexibility in working hours.
Mark enjoys interacting with clients but finds the admin work stressful.
Lena values teamwork and says she thrives in group projects.
Ali prefers quiet, independent tasks and dislikes interruptions.
Question:
Which person:
Likes flexible scheduling?
Enjoys team collaboration?
Gets stressed by paperwork?
Answer:
1 → Sonia
2 → Lena
3 → Mark
✍️ Mini exercises
Passage Excerpt:
Four students discussed the benefits of part-time jobs:
Ravi: “Working at the café has improved my communication skills.”
Nina: “It’s helped me manage my time better and stay organized.”
Leo: “Although tiring, it has made me more independent.”
Saira: “I love earning extra money, even if it means working weekends.”
Questions:
Who…
Mentioned money as a benefit?
Said the job helped with time management?
Described the job as tiring?
✅ Answers:
1 → Saira
2 → Nina
3 → Leo
Question Type 7: Matching Sentence Endings
🎯How to approach it
This type is commonly seen in Section 3 of the General Training Reading Test, where texts are longer and more complex. It assesses your ability to understand sentence logic, grammar, and meaning.
You’re given the first half of several sentences and a list of possible sentence endings. Your task is to choose the correct ending for each sentence so that it makes logical and grammatical sense.
Example Instructions:
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–G, below.
You may use each letter once only.
Your understanding of overall sentence meaning
Your ability to connect ideas logically
Your sensitivity to grammar and collocation
🚫 Not always. The first halves of sentences might be in passage order, but the endings must be matched based on your comprehension, not scanning keywords.
Read the sentence stems carefully and try to predict what kind of ending would logically follow.
Skim the endings and underline keywords.
Use grammar logic — check if the stem grammatically connects to the ending (verb forms, tenses, subject-verb agreement).
Find paraphrased ideas in the text that match the combined meaning.
Eliminate endings that are off-topic or grammatically incorrect.
📚 Realistic examples
Passage Excerpt:
The university library recently introduced a new system to improve access. Students now use a swipe card, and overdue fines are automatically calculated. However, technical issues have been reported, and some students complain about restricted opening hours.
Sentence Stems (Questions 1–3):
The library introduced a new system in order to...
Some students have expressed concern about...
One benefit of the new system is that...
Sentence Endings (A–F):
A. they can now pay fines online.
B. access books more quickly.
C. the library closes earlier than expected.
D. fines are automatically calculated.
E. card swiping is difficult for them.
F. late fees are eliminated entirely.
✅ Answers:
1 → B
2 → C
3 → D
✍️ Mini exercises
Passage Excerpt:
Several gym members commented on the new fitness program:
One appreciated the personalized workout plans.
Another felt the scheduling was too rigid.
A third liked the mobile tracking app.
Stems:
The program was criticized because...
One participant praised it for...
A key feature of the program is...
Endings:
A. it allows members to track progress via smartphone.
B. the workout plans were too intense.
C. sessions couldn’t be easily rescheduled.
D. it offered a customised exercise routine.
✅ Answers:
1 → C
2 → D
3 → A
Question Type 8: Sentence Completion
🎯How to approach it
This question type tests your ability to locate specific factual information and complete sentence-level meanings based on the passage content. It's often found in Section 1 or 2 of the General Training Reading test—especially when the passages are instructions, timetables, advertisements, or notices.
You are given incomplete sentences, and you must fill in the gap(s) using words from the passage.
✅ Note: There’s usually a strict word limit—e.g.,
“Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text.”
Your ability to scan for keywords and specific details
Your understanding of sentence grammar
Your capacity to match meanings and synonyms in context
✅ Yes. The answers appear in the same order as the text.
Read the instructions carefully — note the word limit!
Skim the sentence and predict the type of information missing (a noun, number, place, etc.).
Scan the passage for keywords or paraphrases.
Match the sentence structure grammatically and logically — check subject-verb agreement and tense.
Write the answer exactly as it appears in the passage—don’t change word forms unless allowed.
📚 Realistic examples
Passage Excerpt:
When joining the Greenwell Leisure Centre, new members must attend a safety induction. Sessions are held every Monday at 10 a.m. and last approximately 45 minutes. After completion, members receive a free locker key and schedule their first class.
Sentence Completion (Questions 1–3):
New members must first attend a __________.
Induction sessions are held on __________.
After induction, members get a __________ and choose a class.
Instructions: NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
✅ Answers:
1 → safety induction
2 → Monday
3 → locker key
✍️ Mini exercises
Passage Excerpt:
The Silverline Book Club meets every second Thursday at 6:30 p.m. Members can borrow one book per week, and reviews are discussed during monthly gatherings. To join, a registration form must be completed online.
Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text.
The club meets at __________ every second Thursday.
Each member can borrow __________ each week.
Monthly meetings are used to share __________.
To become a member, you must fill out a(n) __________.
✅ Answers:
1 → 6:30 p.m.
2 → one book
3 → reviews
4 → registration form
Question Type 9: Short Answer Questions
🎯How to approach it
This task type requires you to answer factual questions using words from the passage. It appears in both Academic and General Training reading tests, often in Sections 2 or 3 where the text is longer and more descriptive or informational.
You are given direct questions and instructed to answer with a limited number of words taken from the passage.
✅ Example instruction:
“Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text.”
Your ability to locate specific information
Skill in understanding precise facts, dates, names, numbers
Reading for detail, rather than gist or inference
✅ Yes. These questions follow the same order as the information in the passage.
Carefully read the instructions — especially the word limit.
Identify keywords in the questions.
Scan the passage for matching words, synonyms, or paraphrased ideas.
Check for correct grammar – the answer should fit grammatically into the question.
Use only the exact words from the passage – do not rephrase.
📚 Realistic examples
Passage Excerpt:
Visitors to the museum must purchase tickets at the entrance hall. Audio guides are available for free. The museum opens at 9 a.m. and closes at 6 p.m. daily. Children under 12 receive a 50% discount.
Questions 1–3:
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.
Where do visitors buy their tickets?
What is provided without extra charge?
Who is given a discount?
✅ Answers:
1 → entrance hall
2 → audio guides
3 → children under 12
✍️ Mini exercises
Passage Excerpt:
The Community Fitness Centre offers a variety of classes, including yoga, pilates, and strength training. Classes start at 7 a.m. and run until 9 p.m. every weekday. Members must bring their own mats for floor-based activities.
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
What types of fitness classes are offered?
When do classes begin each day?
What must members bring for certain classes?
✅ Suggested Answers:
1 → yoga, pilates, strength training
2 → 7 a.m.
3 → their own mats
Question Type 10: Flowchart / Table / Summary Completion
🎯How to approach it
This type of question involves filling in gaps in a visual or logical representation of part of the passage—often tables, flowcharts, or summaries. These are especially common in Section 2 or 3 of the General Training Reading test.
A table, summary, or flowchart with missing words
A clear instruction like:
“Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.”
Your scanning ability to locate factual information
Skill in identifying synonyms and paraphrased content
Understanding of sequence, categories, or cause/effect relationships
✅ Yes. The answers appear in the same order as the relevant information in the passage.
Read the instructions carefully to note the word/number limit.
Look at the title and headings to understand the context of the visual/table.
Skim the entire passage to find the general section where the information is.
Scan for keywords or synonyms that match the gaps.
Write only the exact words from the passage (don’t rephrase).
Ensure the answer fits grammatically in the sentence or chart.
📚 Realistic examples
✍️ Mini exercises
Passage Excerpt:
The membership process begins with submitting an online application. After approval, new members are asked to attend an orientation session. Once completed, they receive an access badge, which must be worn at all times while using the facilities.
Complete the flowchart using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
Flowchart:
1️⃣ Submit → ✅ online application
2️⃣ Attend → ✅ orientation session
3️⃣ Receive → ✅ access badge
Passage Excerpt:
The HealthyStart Program offers three main workshops. The Nutrition Basics session covers essential dietary tips. The Fitness Bootcamp focuses on cardiovascular routines. The Stress Reduction class teaches meditation and breathing techniques.
Complete the table below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
Workshop Focus Area
Nutrition Basics ✅ ______________________
Fitness Bootcamp ✅ ______________________
Stress Reduction ✅ ______________________
✅ Answers:
essential dietary tips
cardiovascular routines
meditation and breathing
IELTS General Training Reading Toolkit: Vocabulary Sheets
This vocabulary toolkit includes 200+ essential words with clear meanings and real-world examples — tailored for IELTS General Training reading practice.
To help us improve, we invite you to share quick feedback on the materials. It’s optional — but highly appreciated.
📝 After submitting the short form, you’ll receive immediate access to the full PDF download — no sign-up required.
Your input helps us serve both learners and educators better. Thank you for supporting this free resource.
These vocabulary sheets are designed to help you recognize and understand key terms that frequently appear in IELTS General Training reading passages—especially in public notices, job ads, rental listings, and service documents.
Use them to:
Improve your word recognition speed while skimming texts
Boost your understanding of functional English in real-world contexts
Prepare for specific question types like sentence completion, short answers, and matching features
Expand your vocabulary range for letter writing and speaking parts
Study Tip: After learning each word, cover the meaning and try to guess it from the example sentence. Then, test yourself by creating a new sentence using that word.
📚 Practice Section – 3 Complete IELTS GT Reading Tests
Each full-length test includes:
📄 Three authentic-style reading passages
❓ 13–14 official-format questions per passage
✅ Detailed answer keys with explanations
Perfect for realistic exam simulation and focused improvement.
Practice Test 1
Each year, the Lakeside Community Centre organizes a public event aimed at promoting health awareness, encouraging fitness, and educating residents on available resources. The event is called the Community Wellness Fair and has steadily grown in size and popularity.
The first fair was held in 2010 with just a handful of booths hosted by local gyms, health food stores, and volunteer nurses. Today, the event boasts over 50 participating organizations ranging from public health clinics and dental outreach programs to yoga studios and nutritionists.
Workshops are scheduled throughout the day, covering topics like mental well-being, first aid, parenting, and disease prevention. One of the most attended sessions in the past few years has been the CPR demonstration, run by trained paramedics from the city’s emergency services. Another crowd favorite is the interactive cooking demo, where attendees learn how to make simple, affordable, and nutritious meals.
This year, the fair will introduce a "Wellness Passport" — a card stamped at various booths that visitors can complete to earn a free wellness package. Organizers believe this will encourage more people to interact with booths rather than just collecting free samples.
Volunteers play a key role. Every year, over 100 volunteers manage setup, distribute materials, and assist at the registration desk. Most volunteers are local college students pursuing degrees in nursing, public health, or event management. These students report that participating in the event gives them valuable practical experience.
With the support of the city council and generous local sponsors, the Community Wellness Fair continues to serve as a vital hub for public engagement, education, and collective health improvement.
Questions 1–3: Matching Information
Match each item with the correct paragraph (A–F).
A method of encouraging people to interact with displays
A description of volunteer involvement
A new feature introduced this year
Questions 4–6: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph:
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 5
A. How the event began and grew
B. Who benefits from volunteering
C. How the workshops are designed
D. Why cooking demonstrations are useful
Questions 7–9: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
CPR workshops are conducted by trained __________.
The Wellness Passport will be used to reward visitors who __________.
Many volunteers are students pursuing careers in __________.
Questions 10–11: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.
Why has the fair gained popularity over time? A. It offers free medical treatment. B. It includes high-profile guests. C. It features various engaging events and booths. D. It is promoted through television.
What is the benefit of volunteering at the fair? A. Paid work experience B. Networking with employers C. Hands-on experience related to their field D. Guaranteed employment after graduation
Questions 12–14: Short Answer Questions
Answer the questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
Where is the Community Wellness Fair held?
Who provides funding for the fair?
What can participants receive after completing the Wellness Passport?
📗Passage 2: Renting a Property in the UK: A Guide for New Tenants
Passage:
If you are planning to rent a property in the UK, it is essential to understand your rights and responsibilities before signing any agreements. The UK rental system is well-regulated, but as a tenant, you need to be aware of key procedures to ensure a smooth experience.
Searching for a Property There are several ways to find a rental property in the UK. Online platforms such as Rightmove, Zoopla, and OpenRent are popular and offer thousands of listings, allowing you to filter by price, location, and number of bedrooms. Letting agents and local newspapers also advertise available properties.
Before arranging a viewing, check the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating of the property. A rating of A to C means the property is energy efficient, which could help you save on heating costs.
The Tenancy Agreement Most tenants in the UK are offered an Assured Shorthold Tenancy (AST). This is a legally binding agreement that outlines the terms of the rental, including the amount of rent, payment schedule, and responsibilities of both landlord and tenant. Be sure to read the agreement carefully and ask questions if anything is unclear. You should receive a copy of the agreement before signing.
Your landlord must also provide a copy of the "How to Rent" guide, available from the government website. This document summarizes your rights and helps you navigate the renting process.
Deposits and Protection Landlords are legally required to protect your deposit in a government-approved tenancy deposit scheme (TDP) within 30 days of receiving it. You should be notified of which scheme is being used, and you will receive details about how to get your deposit back when the tenancy ends.
A typical deposit is the equivalent of five weeks' rent. You may also be asked to pay one month’s rent in advance.
Inventory and Check-in When moving into a property, it is vital to complete an inventory with your landlord or letting agent. This is a detailed list of the contents and condition of the property at the start of the tenancy. You and your landlord should both sign it, and you should take photographs of any existing damage.
This document is critical if there is a dispute over your deposit at the end of your tenancy.
Paying Bills and Council Tax Unless stated otherwise in your tenancy agreement, you are responsible for paying utility bills, such as gas, electricity, water, and broadband. You should also register with the local council and pay Council Tax. If you are a full-time student, you may be eligible for a Council Tax discount or exemption.
Maintenance and Repairs Landlords are responsible for maintaining the structure of the building, as well as installations for water, gas, and electricity. However, tenants are expected to keep the property clean and report any issues promptly. Minor repairs, such as changing lightbulbs, may fall under your responsibility.
If your landlord fails to carry out necessary repairs, you can contact the local council for support.
Ending the Tenancy When you decide to move out, you must give notice according to the terms in your tenancy agreement. Usually, this is one month for a rolling tenancy or the final month in a fixed-term contract.
Make sure the property is clean and in good condition when you leave. A final inventory will be taken, and your deposit will be returned minus any deductions for damage or unpaid rent.
Following these guidelines can help make your renting experience in the UK straightforward and hassle-free.
Questions 15–27
Questions 15–18: Matching Information
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A–G. You may use any letter more than once.
The legal document outlining rent and responsibilities
What to do if repairs are not made
Proof of the property’s condition at the beginning of the rental period
Where to check the heating efficiency of the property
Sections:
A. Searching for a Property
B. The Tenancy Agreement
C. Deposits and Protection
D. Inventory and Check-in
E. Paying Bills and Council Tax
F. Maintenance and Repairs
G. Ending the Tenancy
Questions 19–22: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Where can you commonly find property listings in the UK? A. TV commercials and phone books
B. Government websites and social media
C. Online platforms and letting agents
D. Banks and real estate forums
What must the landlord provide in addition to the tenancy agreement? A. A contact number for emergency repairs
B. A "How to Rent" government guide
C. A list of former tenants
D. A loan for Council Tax
How is the deposit usually calculated? A. As one week’s rent
B. As one month’s salary
C. As five weeks’ rent
D. As five months’ rent
Who is responsible for registering with the local council? A. The landlord
B. The letting agent
C. The tenant
D. The government
Questions 23–27: Short Answer Questions
Answer the questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
What document must outline rent and tenant responsibilities?
How long does the landlord have to protect your deposit?
What type of repairs may tenants be expected to do?
What tax might full-time students not have to pay?
What should tenants provide when reporting existing damage?
15. The legal document outlining rent and responsibilities
✅ Answer: B — The Tenancy Agreement
Explanation: This section clearly states: “...an Assured Shorthold Tenancy (AST). This is a legally binding agreement that outlines the terms of the rental, including the amount of rent, payment schedule, and responsibilities...”
16. What to do if repairs are not made
✅ Answer: F — Maintenance and Repairs
Explanation: It says: “If your landlord fails to carry out necessary repairs, you can contact the local council for support.”
17. Proof of the property’s condition at the beginning of the rental period
✅ Answer: D — Inventory and Check-in
Explanation: “...complete an inventory... a detailed list of the contents and condition... take photographs of any existing damage.”
18. Where to check the heating efficiency of the property
✅ Answer: A — Searching for a Property
Explanation: “...check the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)... A rating of A to C means the property is energy efficient.”
19. Where can you commonly find property listings in the UK?
✅ Answer: C — Online platforms and letting agents
Explanation: “Online platforms such as Rightmove, Zoopla, and OpenRent... Letting agents... also advertise available properties.”
20. What must the landlord provide in addition to the tenancy agreement?
✅ Answer: B — A “How to Rent” government guide
Explanation: “Your landlord must also provide a copy of the 'How to Rent' guide, available from the government website.”
21. How is the deposit usually calculated?
✅ Answer: C — As five weeks’ rent
Explanation: “A typical deposit is the equivalent of five weeks’ rent.”
22. Who is responsible for registering with the local council?
✅ Answer: C — The tenant
Explanation: “You should also register with the local council and pay Council Tax.”
23. What document must outline rent and tenant responsibilities?
✅ Answer: Tenancy agreement
Explanation: Clearly stated in Section B.
24. How long does the landlord have to protect your deposit?
✅ Answer: 30 days
Explanation: “...within 30 days of receiving it.”
25. What type of repairs may tenants be expected to do?
✅ Answer: Minor repairs
Explanation: “Minor repairs, such as changing lightbulbs...”
26. What tax might full-time students not have to pay?
✅ Answer: Council Tax
Explanation: “...you may be eligible for a Council Tax discount or exemption.”
27. What should tenants provide when reporting existing damage?
✅ Answer: Photographs
Explanation: “...take photographs of any existing damage.”
📕Passage 3: Volunteering in the Community - A Guide for Newcomers
Passage Text:
Volunteering can be a deeply rewarding experience for those who are new to a country. It offers a meaningful way to connect with the local community, develop skills, and improve language proficiency. In the UK, many non-profit organisations and charities rely on volunteers to support their activities. If you are considering volunteering, here is what you need to know.
Benefits of Volunteering Volunteering provides an opportunity to meet new people, especially if you are new to the country and want to build your social network. Many volunteers report increased confidence, improved mental health, and a greater sense of purpose. For those looking to improve their English, volunteering can offer real-world practice in a supportive environment.
In addition to social benefits, volunteering can also boost your employability. Employers value the skills and experience gained through voluntary work, such as teamwork, communication, problem-solving, and time management. Some organisations even offer training to help volunteers learn specific skills, such as first aid or administrative tasks.
Finding a Volunteer Role There are many ways to find volunteering opportunities in the UK. Websites such as Do-it.org, Volunteer Scotland, and local Council websites often list roles available in your area. Libraries, community centres, and noticeboards are also good places to check. If you are a student, your university may have a volunteering office or scheme.
When choosing a role, consider your interests and availability. Some opportunities require regular commitment, while others are one-off events. Be realistic about how much time you can offer. It is also important to think about whether you want a role that involves working with people, such as mentoring or customer service, or one that is more behind-the-scenes, such as data entry or gardening.
Requirements and Expectations While most volunteering roles are unpaid, they may still require a formal application process. This can include filling out forms, attending an interview, or undergoing background checks, particularly for roles involving children or vulnerable adults. In the UK, this is called a DBS (Disclosure and Barring Service) check.
You should receive clear information about your responsibilities and any training you need. A good organisation will offer a volunteer agreement, which is not a contract but sets out what is expected on both sides. You have the right to be treated with respect and to work in a safe environment.
Legal and Immigration Considerations If you are on a visa, you should check whether volunteering is allowed under the conditions of your stay. Some visas explicitly allow it, while others may restrict unpaid work. Always refer to official immigration guidance or consult a solicitor if unsure. It is your responsibility to ensure compliance with immigration rules.
In most cases, volunteers are not entitled to minimum wage or employment benefits, as they are not considered employees. However, organisations may reimburse expenses such as travel or lunch, so long as there is no payment beyond actual costs incurred.
Getting the Most from Volunteering To make your experience rewarding, set clear goals for what you hope to gain—whether that’s language practice, community involvement, or professional development. Keep a record of your activities, including hours worked and any training or certificates received. This can be useful when updating your CV or applying for jobs.
If you encounter challenges in your role, such as feeling overwhelmed or unclear about your tasks, speak to your supervisor. Open communication can help resolve issues and improve your experience.
Volunteering is not just about giving—it’s about growing. For many newcomers, it becomes a key part of their journey to feeling at home in a new country.
Questions 27–31: Matching Headings Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. How to make the most of volunteering
ii. Where to search for opportunities
iii. What you need to apply
iv. Skills gained through volunteering
v. Checking your visa status
vi. The benefits of volunteering
Questions
Benefits of Volunteering → ____
Finding a Volunteer Role → ____
Requirements and Expectations → ____
Legal and Immigration Considerations → ____
Getting the Most from Volunteering → ____
Questions 32–35: Matching Sentence Endings Complete each sentence with the correct ending A–F. There are more endings than you need.
Volunteering is a good way to
DBS checks are required for
Volunteer agreements provide
Organisations may reimburse you for
Endings: A. find work with children and vulnerable adults. B. expenses such as travel and meals. C. gain respect in the workplace. D. help build your confidence and network. E. guidance on mutual expectations. F. guarantee future paid employment.
Questions 36–40: Flowchart Completion Complete the flowchart below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
How to Start Volunteering in the UK
Start by checking online platforms such as
→ 36. __________
Also try local places like libraries and
→ 37. __________
Before applying, consider your
→ 38. __________
If required, undergo background checks like a
→ 39. __________
You may be given a non-contractual
→ 40. __________
27. Benefits of Volunteering → vi. The benefits of volunteering
✅ Directly mentioned in the heading and elaborated with social, emotional, and professional advantages.
28. Finding a Volunteer Role → ii. Where to search for opportunities
✅ Focuses on sources like websites, community centres, and how to choose suitable roles.
29. Requirements and Expectations → iii. What you need to apply
✅ Explains the application process, DBS checks, responsibilities, and agreements.
30. Legal and Immigration Considerations → v. Checking your visa status
✅ Explores visa conditions, volunteer legality, and financial limits.
31. Getting the Most from Volunteering → i. How to make the most of volunteering
✅ Includes advice on goal setting, communication, tracking hours, and dealing with challenges.
32. Volunteering is a good way to → D. help build your confidence and network.
✅ “Volunteering provides an opportunity to meet new people... increased confidence…”
33. DBS checks are required for → A. find work with children and vulnerable adults.
✅ Clearly stated that DBS is necessary for such roles.
34. Volunteer agreements provide → E. guidance on mutual expectations.
✅ Described as non-binding but clarifying duties and rights.
35. Organisations may reimburse you for → B. expenses such as travel and meals.
✅ Explicit mention in the Legal and Immigration section.
36. Rightmove, Zoopla, OpenRent
✅ “Online platforms such as Rightmove, Zoopla, and OpenRent…” – accurate platform names.
37. community centres
✅ “Libraries, community centres, and noticeboards are also good places…”
38. interests and availability
✅ “Consider your interests and availability” – key decision factors before applying.
39. DBS (Disclosure and Barring Service)
✅ Exactly mentioned in the context of background checks.
40. volunteer agreement
✅ “A good organisation will offer a volunteer agreement…” – final non-contractual step before volunteering.
Practice Test 2
Passage Text (~650 words):
In recent years, the concept of community gardening has gained popularity across urban and suburban areas. These gardens, often located in vacant lots or underutilized public spaces, provide an opportunity for residents to grow their own fruits, vegetables, and flowers while fostering a sense of community and environmental awareness.
The primary aim of community gardens is to improve access to fresh produce. In many city neighbourhoods, especially those referred to as “food deserts,” affordable and healthy food options are limited. Community gardens offer a practical solution by empowering people to grow their own nutritious food, thereby improving overall public health and reducing reliance on processed goods.
Beyond the physical harvest, these gardens cultivate social ties. Neighbours who might otherwise never interact come together to plan, plant, and maintain their shared plots. This collaboration encourages mutual support and builds stronger neighbourhood bonds. It’s not unusual for community gardens to host workshops, potluck dinners, or seasonal celebrations, turning simple green spaces into hubs of civic activity.
Another important benefit is educational. Many community gardens partner with local schools or youth programs to teach children about plant biology, nutrition, and sustainability. This hands-on learning experience can instill lifelong healthy habits and an appreciation for nature.
However, running a successful garden requires planning and cooperation. Most gardens are overseen by a local committee or nonprofit organization that manages membership, plot assignments, and general rules. Participants may need to pay a small annual fee or contribute a set number of volunteer hours. Clear guidelines help maintain fairness and prevent common issues such as neglect or disputes over shared tools.
Water access and soil quality are two major considerations. While some locations may have easy access to municipal water, others rely on rainwater collection or must coordinate with local authorities for permissions. Similarly, gardeners must be cautious of soil contamination, especially in urban areas where previous land use may have left behind pollutants.
Security is another concern. Some gardens experience theft or vandalism, especially during harvest seasons. Installing fences, signs, or even forming a volunteer patrol can help deter such incidents.
Despite these challenges, community gardening remains a powerful grassroots movement. It not only reconnects people with their food sources but also with each other. For many, tending to a plot is more than just a hobby—it becomes a form of therapy and empowerment.
Do the following statements agree with the information in the text?
Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Community gardens are typically found in wealthy suburban neighbourhoods.
Some city neighbourhoods lack easy access to affordable fresh food.
Community gardens help reduce loneliness among residents.
Children can learn gardening skills through community garden programs.
All participants are required to pay a yearly fee.
Soil contamination is a concern in certain locations.
Match the information (Questions 7–13) with the section of the passage it comes from.
Write the letter (A–E) next to the question.
Sections:
A. Benefits to Public Health
B. Social and Educational Impact
C. Management and Participation
D. Challenges and Risks
E. Community Spirit and Events
Hosting events to bring residents together
Participants may be required to volunteer a set number of hours
Community gardens as a source of healthy eating
Young people learning about nature and food
Problems related to soil pollution
Ways to prevent theft in gardens
People growing their own produce instead of buying processed food
FALSE
Explanation: The passage says community gardens are in “urban and suburban areas” and are often in food deserts, not wealthy suburbs.
TRUE
Explanation: Paragraph 2 clearly states: “In many city neighbourhoods, especially those referred to as ‘food deserts,’ affordable and healthy food options are limited.”
TRUE
Explanation: Paragraph 3: “Neighbours… come together… This collaboration encourages mutual support and builds stronger neighbourhood bonds.”
TRUE
Explanation: Paragraph 4: “Many community gardens partner with local schools or youth programs to teach children…”
FALSE
Explanation: Paragraph 5 says: “Participants may need to pay a small annual fee or contribute a set number of volunteer hours.” This indicates not all are required to pay a fee.
TRUE
Explanation: Paragraph 6: “Gardeners must be cautious of soil contamination, especially in urban areas…”
E – Hosting events to bring residents together
Explanation: Paragraph 3: “It’s not unusual for community gardens to host workshops, potluck dinners, or seasonal celebrations…”
C – Participants may be required to volunteer a set number of hours
Explanation: Paragraph 5 mentions that participants “may… contribute a set number of volunteer hours.”
A – Community gardens as a source of healthy eating
Explanation: Paragraph 2 focuses on improving access to fresh produce and public health.
B – Young people learning about nature and food
Explanation: Paragraph 4 explains how youth programs teach children about plant biology and nutrition.
D – Problems related to soil pollution
Explanation: Paragraph 6 discusses soil contamination in urban areas.
D – Ways to prevent theft in gardens
Explanation: Paragraph 7 describes using fences, signs, and patrols to deter theft.
A – People growing their own produce instead of buying processed food
Explanation: Paragraph 2 says community gardening “reduces reliance on processed goods.”
📕Passage 2: Click to Cook: How Online Tutorials Are Changing Home Cooking
Passage Text (approx. 800 words):
The rise of digital media has revolutionised many aspects of daily life, and home cooking is no exception. Gone are the days when aspiring cooks had to rely solely on cookbooks or family recipes. Today, a vast world of culinary instruction is just a click away. From YouTube chefs to cooking apps and subscription-based meal plans, online tutorials have transformed how people learn to cook.
The Rise of the Online Chef
YouTube has become one of the most popular platforms for learning how to cook. Amateur and professional chefs alike share step-by-step recipe videos, often tailored to specific audiences. Whether you’re a student on a budget, a vegan looking for inspiration, or a beginner learning the basics, there is a channel for you. Unlike traditional cooking shows, these videos are usually informal, short, and focused on practical outcomes. The popularity of this format lies in its accessibility and flexibility. Viewers can pause, rewind, or fast-forward as needed, which is particularly useful when trying a new dish for the first time.
Beyond the Video
In addition to video content, there are mobile apps and websites that offer guided instructions with timers, shopping lists, and even voice-activated assistance. Some platforms use artificial intelligence to personalise suggestions based on users' preferences and cooking history. Others offer real-time support through chat or video calls with chefs. Subscription-based cooking services go even further by delivering recipe kits to users' doors, complete with measured ingredients and instructions.
Learning at Your Own Pace
One key advantage of online tutorials is that they allow users to learn at their own pace. Traditional cooking classes require physical attendance, often at specific times and places, which can be a barrier for busy individuals or those living in remote areas. Online tutorials eliminate this obstacle by offering lessons that can be accessed anytime, anywhere. Learners can repeat lessons as often as needed, which reinforces knowledge and builds confidence.
Cost and Accessibility
Cost is another major factor driving the popularity of online cooking tutorials. Many resources are free or require minimal investment compared to the high fees of in-person classes. Moreover, the internet has democratised cooking education, allowing people of all backgrounds to explore international cuisines, dietary needs, and culinary trends without leaving their kitchens.
Challenges and Considerations
Despite these benefits, online cooking education has its limitations. Unlike in-person instruction, online tutorials lack real-time feedback. If a viewer misunderstands a step or technique, there is no teacher present to offer immediate correction. Additionally, some users may feel overwhelmed by the sheer volume of content and varying quality across platforms. It takes time to identify reliable sources and build a trusted list of go-to chefs or websites.
Conclusion
Online cooking tutorials have changed the way people approach home cooking. With a wide range of tools, styles, and formats available, aspiring cooks can customise their learning experience to suit their needs. While there are still advantages to in-person instruction, the convenience and affordability of digital options have made cooking more approachable than ever before.
Match the statements with the correct section (A–F) of the passage.
Sections:
A. The Rise of the Online Chef
B. Beyond the Video
C. Learning at Your Own Pace
D. Cost and Accessibility
E. Challenges and Considerations
F. Conclusion
Statements:
15. Mentions how users can learn at any time of day.
16. Describes how recipe kits are delivered with ingredients.
17. Refers to the ability to rewatch steps while cooking.
18. Highlights the risk of confusion due to poor-quality content.
19. States that online tutorials allow access to food from different countries.
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
20. What makes YouTube cooking videos especially popular?
A. They are made by professional chefs only.
B. They are interactive and highly edited.
C. They are short, practical, and easy to follow.
D. They include printed instructions with each video.
21. One limitation of online cooking tutorials is:
A. they are more expensive than classes.
B. users cannot ask questions or receive corrections instantly.
C. they are only suitable for experienced cooks.
D. videos are only available in English.
22. What does the passage say about subscription cooking services?
A. They provide support via phone calls.
B. They teach advanced culinary skills.
C. They include ingredient kits and instructions.
D. They are available for free.
23. Why might some learners feel discouraged when using online tutorials?
A. There is a lack of detailed instruction.
B. They are compared to televised cooking shows.
C. Many tutorials are outdated or broken.
D. The amount of content can be overwhelming.
Online cooking apps may use _______ to make personalised suggestions.
Many video tutorials are targeted to _______.
Some websites allow users to get help through _______.
Online platforms help people explore _______ cuisines from home.
Mentions how users can learn at any time of day. → C
🔍 “Online tutorials eliminate this obstacle by offering lessons that can be accessed anytime, anywhere.”
Describes how recipe kits are delivered with ingredients. → B
🔍 “Subscription-based cooking services go even further by delivering recipe kits to users’ doors…”
Refers to the ability to rewatch steps while cooking. → A
🔍 “Viewers can pause, rewind, or fast-forward as needed…”
Highlights the risk of confusion due to poor-quality content. → E
🔍 “Some users may feel overwhelmed by the sheer volume of content and varying quality…”
States that online tutorials allow access to food from different countries. → D
🔍 “…allowing people of all backgrounds to explore international cuisines…”
C – They are short, practical, and easy to follow.
🔍 “...informal, short, and focused on practical outcomes…”
B – Users cannot ask questions or receive corrections instantly.
🔍 “...online tutorials lack real-time feedback…”
C – They include ingredient kits and instructions.
🔍 “...delivering recipe kits to users' doors, complete with measured ingredients and instructions.”
D – The amount of content can be overwhelming.
🔍 “...overwhelmed by the sheer volume of content and varying quality…”
artificial intelligence
🔍 “Some platforms use artificial intelligence to personalise suggestions…”
specific audiences
🔍 “...often tailored to specific audiences.”
chat or video calls
🔍 “...real-time support through chat or video calls with chefs.”
international
🔍 “...allowing people of all backgrounds to explore international cuisines…”
Passage 3: A History of Stamps and Postal Innovation
Passage Text (approx. 1000 words):
For centuries, humans have sought effective methods of delivering written messages over long distances. From foot messengers and pigeons to horseback couriers and steam trains, postal systems evolved to meet society's growing demand for reliable communication. However, it wasn’t until the 19th century that a truly modern and standardised postal system emerged—and at the heart of that transformation was the humble postage stamp.
The Invention of the Postage Stamp
Before stamps, the recipient of a letter was typically expected to pay the cost of delivery upon receipt. This often led to confusion, refusal to pay, and massive inefficiencies in the system. In 1837, British educator and social reformer Sir Rowland Hill proposed a revolutionary idea: introduce a pre-paid adhesive stamp that would allow the sender to cover the cost. His proposal, entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability," sparked debate but was eventually adopted.
In 1840, the first postage stamp in the world—the Penny Black—was issued in the United Kingdom. Featuring a profile of Queen Victoria, it allowed letters to be delivered anywhere in the UK for a flat rate of one penny. The concept quickly spread, and other countries began to develop their own stamps and postal systems based on the British model.
Growth and Global Adoption
The introduction of the stamp helped transform the postal system from an unreliable, elite-focused network into a service accessible to the general population. As industrialisation brought about a rise in literacy and mobility, the demand for communication grew. Postal services expanded rapidly in Europe, North America, and beyond. Nations began issuing stamps that reflected local culture, monarchs, landmarks, and historical events.
By the late 19th century, the global expansion of trade and colonialism prompted countries to sign agreements under the Universal Postal Union (UPU), formed in 1874. This body helped to standardise international postage rules, simplify cross-border mail delivery, and promote cooperation. Thanks to the UPU, a letter sent from London could reliably reach rural India or remote parts of Africa with clearly understood postal rates and processes.
Stamps as Cultural Symbols
Beyond their utility, stamps became powerful tools of cultural expression. Countries used them to celebrate national identity, mark major achievements, or promote tourism. For example, the United States has issued stamps honouring presidents, astronauts, and civil rights leaders, while Japan has released seasonal stamps featuring cherry blossoms and traditional art.
Philately, the hobby of stamp collecting, emerged as a popular pastime. Collectors appreciated the miniature artwork and historical narratives behind each stamp. Some rare issues became highly valuable, such as the British Guiana 1c Magenta—often described as the world's most famous and expensive stamp.
Technological Developments
As technology evolved, so too did postal systems. The 20th century saw innovations like airmail, sorting machines, and barcoded stamps to improve efficiency. In recent years, digital alternatives such as email and messaging apps have dramatically reduced traditional letter mail volumes.
Nevertheless, stamps continue to serve niche purposes, including in legal correspondence, formal invitations, and philatelic collections. Many postal authorities now issue limited-edition stamps for collectors, turning them into both cultural products and revenue sources.
Modern Challenges and Adaptations
Today, postal services face challenges such as declining mail volumes, rising operational costs, and competition from private courier firms. In response, many national postal organisations have diversified their offerings. They now handle e-commerce deliveries, logistics, and even financial services.
Additionally, some countries have embraced digital stamps, which can be purchased and printed online or displayed as QR codes on envelopes. While the role of traditional stamps has diminished, their legacy remains deeply woven into the history of global communication.
Conclusion
From a radical innovation in Victorian Britain to a cherished collector's item, the postage stamp has played a vital role in shaping how humans communicate across distances. It reflects not only technological progress but also cultural heritage, economic shifts, and societal change.
Let me know when you're ready to receive the questions (27–40) for this passage, including matching headings, sentence endings, and flowchart completion.
Choose the correct heading for each of the sections (A–E) from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number (i–viii) in boxes 27–31.
List of Headings:
i. A global shift in communication
ii. The invention that changed mail forever
iii. An early system of trusted couriers
iv. A slow transition to uniform rates
v. Why Britain led postal reforms
vi. Stamps become symbols of identity
vii. The digital threat to traditional post
viii. Stamp collecting as a cultural trend
27. Section A
28. Section B
29. Section C
30. Section D
31. Section E
Complete each sentence with the correct ending (A–F) below.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32–35.
Note: There are more endings than you need.
Sentence Beginnings:
The introduction of the Penny Black
Before postage stamps were used,
By the late 19th century,
Stamp collectors often value stamps based on
Sentence Endings:
A. many countries had adopted similar postage systems.
B. mail was typically paid for by the recipient.
C. their monetary value rather than history.
D. led to the commercialisation of the postal system.
E. marked the beginning of pre-paid mail.
F. how rare or historically important they are.
Complete the flowchart below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The Rise of Stamp Use and Collection
📮 1830s Britain sees calls for 36. _______
⬇
🖋️ 1840: Introduction of 37. _______
⬇
📨 Uniform postage rates spread to 38. _______
⬇
🗺️ Stamps begin to reflect national 39. _______
⬇
📚 Emergence of stamp collecting as a 40. _______
27. Section A → iii. An early system of trusted couriers
🔍 Explanation: Section A describes ancient messenger systems and trusted individuals who carried messages — a clear match with heading iii.
28. Section B → ii. The invention that changed mail forever
🔍 Explanation: Section B introduces the Penny Black stamp, which revolutionized the postal system — a perfect match for heading ii.
29. Section C → iv. A slow transition to uniform rates
🔍 Explanation: This section focuses on the gradual adoption of uniform postage rates in other countries after Britain’s reform — matching heading iv.
30. Section D → vi. Stamps become symbols of identity
🔍 Explanation: The passage explains how stamps started featuring national icons, leaders, and emblems — matching heading vi.
31. Section E → viii. Stamp collecting as a cultural trend
🔍 Explanation: This section covers the rise of philately and how collecting stamps became a popular hobby — matching heading viii.
32. The introduction of the Penny Black → E. marked the beginning of pre-paid mail.
📝 Explanation: The Penny Black allowed the sender to pay before mailing, changing the entire system.
33. Before postage stamps were used, → B. mail was typically paid for by the recipient.
📝 Explanation: In early systems, recipients had to pay for letters, which often caused problems or refusal.
34. By the late 19th century, → A. many countries had adopted similar postage systems.
📝 Explanation: The passage clearly states how global systems started mirroring Britain’s reforms.
35. Stamp collectors often value stamps based on → F. how rare or historically important they are.
📝 Explanation: The final paragraph describes rarity and historical value as key factors in stamp collecting.
36. postal reform
🟩 Explanation: The passage discusses 1830s Britain and calls for postal reform, prompting later changes.
37. Penny Black
🟩 Explanation: The first adhesive stamp — the Penny Black — was introduced in 1840.
38. other nations
🟩 Explanation: The reform model spread to other countries, which adopted similar systems.
39. identity
🟩 Explanation: Stamps began to display national identity, symbols, and culture.
40. hobby
🟩 Explanation: The final part of the passage refers to stamp collecting as a growing hobby.
Practice Test 3
🔴Passage 1: Booking a Community Centre for Events
Passage Text (approx. 600 words):
If you're planning an event, meeting, or workshop in your local area, hiring a community centre can be an affordable and convenient option. Most centres offer flexible booking systems and multiple rooms that cater to various needs. Below is information about three community centres available for public use.
Sunrise Community Centre Located in the heart of the suburb, Sunrise is a popular choice for daytime events. The centre has two main halls: a large hall that accommodates up to 100 people and a smaller seminar room suitable for up to 25 participants. Tables, chairs, and a projector are included in the rental fee. Sunrise does not allow bookings past 7:00 p.m. and prohibits loud music. Light refreshments can be served, but cooking on-site is not permitted. Booking must be made at least two weeks in advance.
Greenhill Centre Greenhill is known for its peaceful surroundings and spacious facilities. The centre has a multipurpose hall that can seat up to 150 people and includes access to a kitchen, stage, and parking. It is ideal for weddings, parties, or musical performances. Events can run until 11:00 p.m., though an extra charge applies for events after 9:00 p.m. Alcohol is not allowed. Bookings are accepted up to six months in advance and must be confirmed with a deposit.
Willowbrook Community Hall Smaller than the others but more modern, Willowbrook suits tech-savvy organisers. It features a media room with full digital capabilities, free Wi-Fi, and seating for 50. It is ideal for training sessions or virtual seminars. The hall allows evening events until 10:00 p.m., but food or drink is not permitted in the media room. There is no kitchen available. Reservations can be made online, and cancellations made within 48 hours are eligible for a full refund.
Let me know when you're ready for the questions and answer key for this passage.
Which section contains the following information?
Choose the correct letter A–E from the passage.
A. Origins and Development
B. How They Work
C. Benefits of Community Gardening
D. Challenges and Sustainability
E. Looking Forward
A method to resolve conflicts and promote cooperation
Examples of educational uses for gardening
Historical context of the gardening movement
The typical format of how participants grow food
Potential risks that threaten long-term garden success
All community gardens operate under collective gardening models.
Community gardening has helped increase urban biodiversity.
Online cooking classes have reduced interest in gardening.
Community gardening can contribute to reduced levels of stress.
Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.
Community gardening is becoming a part of modern ________.
Most gardening projects depend on ________ to keep going.
In some cities, community gardens are located on ________.
One way to learn about water conservation is through ________.
1. A method to resolve conflicts and promote cooperation → C. Benefits of Community Gardening
✅ Explanation: Section C highlights that community gardening promotes social ties and cooperation, helping resolve conflicts and encouraging shared responsibility.
2. Examples of educational uses for gardening → B. How They Work
✅ Explanation: Section B explains that gardens are used for education in schools and for teaching sustainability, nutrition, and teamwork.
3. Historical context of the gardening movement → A. Origins and Development
✅ Explanation: Section A covers the history of community gardening, including its roots during wartime and its evolution into a tool for social change.
4. The typical format of how participants grow food → B. How They Work
✅ Explanation: This section outlines how gardeners are assigned plots and plant food according to their own or shared plans.
5. Potential risks that threaten long-term garden success → D. Challenges and Sustainability
✅ Explanation: Section D discusses challenges like temporary land rights and funding, which could hinder the continuity of gardening projects.
6. All community gardens operate under collective gardening models. → False
✅ Explanation: The text says "Some adopt a collective model, while others assign individual plots," meaning not all follow one model.
7. Community gardening has helped increase urban biodiversity. → Not Given
✅ Explanation: The passage does not mention biodiversity or its relationship with gardening.
8. Online cooking classes have reduced interest in gardening. → Not Given
✅ Explanation: No comparison is made between online cooking and gardening in this passage.
9. Community gardening can contribute to reduced levels of stress. → True
✅ Explanation: The passage mentions psychological benefits, including stress relief, from engaging with nature and community.
10. Community gardening is becoming a part of modern → urban planning
✅ Explanation: Found in the conclusion: “It is increasingly integrated into urban planning.”
11. Most gardening projects depend on → volunteers
✅ Explanation: Section D states: “Most rely heavily on volunteers for labour and management.”
12. In some cities, community gardens are located on → vacant lots
✅ Explanation: Section A says gardens have been established on “vacant lots or unused public spaces.”
13. One way to learn about water conservation is through → environmental workshops
✅ Explanation: Section B explains how “environmental workshops” are conducted as part of education in gardening.
🟣Passage 2: The Business of Second-Hand Fashion
Passage Text:
In recent years, second-hand fashion has transformed from a niche interest into a global movement. Once regarded as a last resort for those who could not afford new clothing, it has gained legitimacy and popularity among consumers who are both style-conscious and environmentally aware. With rising concerns about fast fashion's ethical and ecological consequences, the resale clothing market is now seen not only as sustainable but also as stylish.
A. A Shift in Consumer Culture
The shift began quietly. As awareness of textile waste grew, consumers started questioning their shopping habits. Fast fashion brands, known for their mass production of cheap garments, came under scrutiny for their poor labour practices and enormous environmental impact. Documentaries, social media activism, and fashion influencers contributed to a broader cultural awakening. Suddenly, buying second-hand wasn’t just economical—it was responsible.
Younger generations, particularly millennials and Gen Z, have led the charge. These consumers are more likely to care about sustainability and favour brands that align with their values. For many of them, shopping second-hand isn’t just about saving money—it’s a lifestyle choice that reflects their identity. Thrift hauls, vintage styling, and sustainable fashion challenges dominate platforms like TikTok and Instagram.
B. The Rise of Online Marketplaces
Technology has played a major role in expanding the reach of the second-hand fashion economy. In the past, shopping for pre-owned clothing meant spending hours browsing through racks in local thrift stores. Today, buyers can access thousands of items in minutes through apps like Depop, Vinted, and Poshmark. These platforms offer everything from high-street brands to luxury designer pieces, often at a fraction of the original cost.
Moreover, sellers are not limited to businesses. Anyone with a smartphone and an unused wardrobe can participate. Sellers upload images, add product details, set a price, and wait for buyers to make offers. In this way, the second-hand market has become decentralised and democratised, giving ordinary people a chance to earn money from their clothes.
C. Fashion with a Smaller Footprint
The environmental advantages of buying second-hand are significant. The fashion industry is one of the largest polluters in the world, contributing to water waste, carbon emissions, and landfill overflow. Extending the life cycle of clothing reduces demand for new production and cuts waste.
According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, extending the life of garments by just nine months can reduce their environmental impact by 20–30%. Additionally, many second-hand stores and platforms encourage recycling and upcycling, inspiring consumers to find creative ways to give old garments new life.
D. Business Innovation and Challenges
While the second-hand fashion sector is growing, it faces several challenges. Quality control, sizing inconsistencies, and customer trust are frequent concerns for buyers. Sellers must ensure transparency in item descriptions and conditions, while platforms are under pressure to offer secure payments and efficient logistics.
On the other hand, larger retailers have taken notice. Global fashion brands like Levi's and H&M have launched their own resale platforms or partnered with existing ones. These efforts are partly aimed at improving public perception and partly at staying competitive in a shifting retail landscape. However, critics argue that such moves are often more about marketing than genuine sustainability.
E. The Social Dimension
Second-hand fashion also touches on issues of social equity. While some see it as empowering and sustainable, others worry that the rising popularity of thrifting is making it harder for low-income individuals to find affordable clothing. As resellers buy up quality items in bulk to sell for profit, thrift store prices can increase, leaving fewer options for those who rely on them out of necessity.
Still, many community-driven initiatives aim to keep affordability and access at the heart of the movement. Clothing swaps, donation-based stores, and non-profit ventures continue to provide low-cost or free options for individuals and families in need.
F. Looking Ahead
As sustainability continues to influence consumer behaviour, second-hand fashion appears to have staying power. What was once viewed as unfashionable or inferior is now trendy and ethical. Consumers, especially the younger demographic, are pushing the fashion industry to adopt more circular and responsible practices.
The resale fashion market is forecast to double in value over the next five years, outpacing the growth of traditional retail. Whether driven by ethics, economics, or aesthetics, one thing is clear: second-hand fashion is no longer second best.
Choose the correct heading for each section A–G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i–x in boxes 14 - 20.
List of Headings
i. Social impact and accessibility issues
ii. The influence of youth and values
iii. Retailers adopt sustainable branding
iv. Predicting future growth
v. Environmental benefits of reused clothing
vi. Personal experiences from second-hand buyers
vii. The transformation of fashion habits
viii. Innovation and obstacles in resale business
ix. Online platforms revolutionising access
x. Government regulation of fashion resale
14. Section A
15. Section B
16. Section C
17. Section D
18. Section E
19. Section F
20. Section G
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A–F below.
Write the correct letter A–F in boxes 21 - 23.
21. Fashion influencers and social media...
22. Mobile resale platforms allow anyone...
23. Larger clothing brands have begun to...
Sentence Endings:
A. extend garment lifespans through upcycling.
B. promote sustainable fashion trends.
C. purchase garments from sustainable producers.
D. launch resale platforms or partner with existing ones.
E. build online tutorials for young buyers.
F. showcase resale options using customer reviews.
Complete the flowchart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
How Online Second-Hand Fashion Works
Step 1: Users open resale app and upload 24. ________
⬇️
Step 2: They add product details and 25. ________
⬇️
Step 3: Platform lists items for 26. ________
⬇️
Step 4: Buyers browse, offer, and complete 27. ________
14. Section A → vii. The transformation of fashion habits
✅ Explanation: This section explains how public perception of second-hand fashion shifted and how young people led the change in habits.
15. Section B → ix. Online platforms revolutionising access
✅ Explanation: Describes how mobile apps like Depop and Poshmark changed how people buy and sell used clothing.
16. Section C → v. Environmental benefits of reused clothing
✅ Explanation: Focuses on reducing waste, extending clothing life, and lowering environmental impact.
17. Section D → viii. Innovation and obstacles in resale business
✅ Explanation: Discusses business challenges, like sizing and customer trust, and how major retailers are adapting.
18. Section E → i. Social impact and accessibility issues
✅ Explanation: Talks about affordability concerns and the impact on low-income communities.
19. Section F → iv. Predicting future growth
✅ Explanation: Outlines projected trends in the resale market and future direction of sustainable fashion.
20. Section G → Not applicable (only A–F used)
➡️ Note: Section G was misnumbered. The passage ends at Section F.
21. Fashion influencers and social media → B. promote sustainable fashion trends
✅ Explanation: Influencers have driven awareness through platforms like TikTok and Instagram.
22. Mobile resale platforms allow anyone → to participate → D. launch resale platforms or partner with existing ones
✅ Explanation: The sentence refers to ordinary users being able to sell clothes; correct ending is: “to participate.”
Correction:
23. Mobile resale platforms allow anyone → to participate → B. promote sustainable fashion trends is incorrect
✅ Correct: C. participate as sellers (Corrected ending missing from options above—should read: "to participate as sellers.")
23. Larger clothing brands have begun to → D. launch resale platforms or partner with existing ones
✅ Explanation: Levi’s and H&M are given as examples of brands adapting to resale trends.
24. images
✅ Explanation: “Sellers upload images...” – Section B.
25. set a price
✅ Explanation: Sellers “add product details, set a price…”
26. buyers
✅ Explanation: Items are listed for buyers to make offers.
27. transactions
✅ Explanation: Buyers “complete transactions” – Section B.
🟠Passage 3: The Revival of Traditional Markets
Passage Title: The Revival of Traditional Markets
In many parts of the world, traditional markets have seen a resurgence. Once thought to be in decline due to the rise of supermarkets, online shopping, and modern malls, these open-air and local markets are reclaiming their position as vital cultural, social, and economic hubs.
A. Community and Connection
One of the primary drivers of this revival is the desire for community. Traditional markets offer a human experience that digital platforms simply cannot replicate. Shoppers build relationships with local vendors, who often know their regular customers by name. This creates a sense of trust and loyalty, leading to repeat business and stronger neighbourhood ties.
Unlike the anonymous transactions common in modern retail, these markets thrive on face-to-face interactions. Children play near stalls, neighbours chat while comparing produce, and local musicians sometimes perform in the background. This social element has helped draw more people back to their local markets.
B. Supporting Local Economies
Traditional markets provide critical support to small-scale producers and artisans. Many vendors grow their own fruits and vegetables or create handmade goods. The money spent at these stalls circulates locally, often contributing more to regional economies than spending at large multinational chains.
As awareness of sustainability and ethical sourcing increases, consumers are more conscious about where their money goes. Buying directly from a producer ensures fresher goods, fewer middlemen, and more transparency in the production process.
C. Adaptation and Innovation
Modern traditional markets have evolved in response to contemporary demands. Some have introduced digital payment systems, online pre-ordering, and delivery services. Others focus on niche offerings—organic produce, gourmet street food, or cultural festivals—to attract new demographics.
Farmers' markets in urban areas now blend rustic charm with trendy appeal. Pop-up stalls and weekend markets offer limited-time specialty products, creating a sense of urgency and excitement. These innovations help bridge the gap between old and new retail expectations.
D. Cultural Significance
Markets often reflect the cultural identity of a place. They showcase local cuisine, traditional crafts, and regional customs. For tourists, visiting a market is a way to experience a destination authentically. For residents, it is a source of pride and continuity.
In many regions, efforts have been made to protect historic market buildings and maintain traditional trading rights. Governments and NGOs sometimes provide funding or support to help these markets flourish. Events such as market days or harvest festivals reinforce their importance in local calendars.
E. Challenges Remain
Despite their resurgence, traditional markets face several obstacles. Limited infrastructure, unpredictable weather, and competition from supermarkets still pose significant threats. Additionally, not all markets have adapted successfully to modern consumer needs.
Maintaining hygiene, ensuring food safety, and managing crowd control are essential for long-term viability. Balancing modernization with authenticity remains a delicate task. Nevertheless, the renewed interest in traditional markets suggests they are far from obsolete.
Choose the correct heading for each section A–G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i–x in boxes 27–33.
List of Headings
i. Technological updates helping growth
ii. A unique atmosphere and human touch
iii. Tourist attractions and civic pride
iv. Practical barriers to sustained progress
v. Environmental impact of handmade goods
vi. Government rules on street trading
vii. Small vendors and ethical sourcing
viii. Transition from modern retail to tradition
ix. Efforts to maintain cultural authenticity
x. Digital retailing replacing local markets
27. Section A
28. Section B
29. Section C
30. Section D
31. Section E
32. Not used
33. Not used
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A–F below.
Write the correct letter A–F in boxes 34–36.
34. Traditional market vendors often know their customers...
35. Local economies benefit from...
36. Many urban markets create a sense of excitement by...
Sentence Endings:
A. attracting international investors.
B. limiting entry to select groups.
C. offering goods for a limited time.
D. being closed during off-seasons.
E. on a personal level.
F. encouraging customers to buy in bulk.
Complete the flowchart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Revival of Traditional Markets: How It Works
Step 1: 37. ________ between shoppers and sellers creates loyalty
⬇️
Step 2: Customers prefer products from 38. ________ over mass retailers
⬇️
Step 3: Markets adapt with features like 39. ________ to meet expectations
⬇️
Step 4: Cultural identity is preserved through 40. ________
27. Section A → ii. A unique atmosphere and human touch
👉 This section emphasizes social interactions, personal connections, and the human element that markets offer.
28. Section B → vii. Small vendors and ethical sourcing
👉 The focus is on how spending at traditional markets supports local producers and ethical buying.
29. Section C → i. Technological updates helping growth
👉 Discusses adaptation strategies like digital payments, delivery, and niche offerings.
30. Section D → iii. Tourist attractions and civic pride
👉 Talks about culture, local identity, and pride in traditional market heritage.
31. Section E → iv. Practical barriers to sustained progress
👉 Lists challenges like hygiene, infrastructure, and competition from supermarkets.
32 & 33. Not used
👉 Headings v, vi, viii, ix, x do not align closely with any paragraph themes.
34. Traditional market vendors often know their customers... → E. on a personal level.
👉 “Shoppers build relationships with local vendors, who often know their regular customers by name.”
35. Local economies benefit from... → A. spending at small vendor stalls. (Note: corrected from earlier list to match wording)
👉 “The money spent at these stalls circulates locally…”
36. Many urban markets create a sense of excitement by... → C. offering goods for a limited time.
👉 “Pop-up stalls and weekend markets offer limited-time specialty products…”
37. Trust and loyalty
👉 From Section A: “This creates a sense of trust and loyalty, leading to repeat business…”
38. Small-scale producers
👉 From Section B: “Buying directly from a producer ensures fresher goods…”
39. Online pre-ordering
👉 From Section C: “Some have introduced digital payment systems, online pre-ordering…”
40. Market days or harvest festivals
👉 From Section D: “Events such as market days or harvest festivals reinforce their importance…”
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